Ebrahim Raisi, Iran’s president and a high contender to succeed the nation’s supreme chief, was killed on Sunday in a helicopter crash. He was 63.
A conservative Shiite Muslim cleric who had a hand in a few of the most brutal crackdowns on opponents of the Islamic Republic, Mr. Raisi was a protégé of Iran’s supreme chief, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and a loyal upholder of spiritual rule within the nation.
Mr. Raisi’s presidency was formed by two main occasions: the 2022 nationwide rebellion, led by girls and women, demanding the tip to the Islamic Republic’s rule and the federal government’s brutal crushing of that motion; and the present Center East warfare with Israel, with which it had an extended historical past of clandestine assaults.
Because the president underneath Iran’s political system, Mr. Raisi didn’t set the nation’s nuclear or regional coverage. However he inherited a authorities that was steadily increasing its regional affect by way of a community of proxy militia teams and a nuclear program that was quickly advancing to weapons-grade uranium enrichment ranges following america’ exit from a nuclear deal.
Mr. Raisi endorsed and supported each of those insurance policies and considered them as important for Iran to keep up its affect within the area and to train leverage over the West.
His dying got here as a yearslong shadow warfare grew to become one in all direct confrontation within the wake of Israel’s navy assault on Gaza in retaliation for the Oct. 7 Hamas assaults on Israel.
Mr. Raisi was born within the northeastern metropolis of Mashhad to a household of clerics, and he studied on the nation’s well-known seminary in Qum earlier than taking part as an 18-year-old within the 1979 Islamic revolution, which deposed Iran’s shah. Simply two years later, Mr. Raisi grew to become a decide within the newly created Islamic Republic, starting a gradual ascent to the highest of Iranian politics.
Like Mr. Khamenei and his predecessor, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the founding father of the Islamic revolution, Mr. Raisi donned a cleric’s black turban, one that’s reserved for “sayyids,” or individuals who hint their lineage again to the Prophet Muhammad.
The difficulty of succession in Iran has develop into extra urgent as a result of Mr. Khamenei is 85 and frail. The choice of the following supreme chief is an opaque means of political rivalries and jockeying. Underneath the Structure, an elected physique of clerics known as the Meeting of Consultants picks the supreme chief.
Mr. Raisi was considered as one of many high contenders for that function and was favored by the hard-line faction, as was Ayatollah Khamenei’s son Mojtaba, an influential cleric who helps run his father’s workplace. Mr. Raisi’s dying primarily paves the trail for the youthful Mr. Khamenei to succeed his father.
Political analysts described Mr. Raisi as a loyal enforcer of Mr. Khamenei’s insurance policies and a facilitator of the rising energy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps in Iran’s politics and financial system.
“He was not somebody exuding charisma. His speeches weren’t motivating folks to the streets. He was executing coverage,” mentioned Sanam Vakil, director of the Center East and North Africa program at Chatham Home. “Above all, he was a regime insider. He was an ideologue who labored throughout the system and thru the system.”
Mr. Raisi’s supporters, together with conservative pundits on state media, praised him for reimposing strict non secular and social guidelines, being illiberal of dissent and turning Iran’s insurance policies away from the West towards extra engagement with Russia and China.
From 2016 to 2019, Mr. Raisi was on the helm of Astan Quds Razavi, a strong multibillion-dollar non secular conglomerate underneath the management of Mr. Khamenei and believed to be one in all his most important sources of wealth.
In 2019, Mr. Raisi grew to become the pinnacle of Iran’s judiciary, and through his tenure he oversaw a few of the most brutal crackdowns on dissent. At the very least 500 folks had been killed throughout nationwide demonstrations in November 2019 in response to a spike in gasoline costs. The judiciary arrested activists, journalists, legal professionals and twin nationwide residents.
He grew to become president in 2021 in an election that was extensively seen as orchestrated to make sure his victory, together with his most critical rivals having been disqualified.
Mr. Raisi campaigned as an anticorruption candidate however took up the presidency underneath a cloud of condemnation by authorities opponents and worldwide rights teams. Rights teams highlighted Mr. Raisi’s background as a member of a four-person panel that ordered the execution of 5,000 political dissidents in 1988 with out trials on the finish of the Iran-Iraq warfare. Mr. Raisi has not denied being a part of the panel and mentioned in a speech that he was a junior official appointed to the function by the supreme chief on the time.
“We misplaced a era of political minds and activists who may have been vital gamers in Iranian society,” mentioned Hadi Ghaemi, govt director of the Middle for Human Rights in Iran.
Mr. Raisi, he argued, performed a hand in a number of of probably the most repressive moments of Iranian historical past, specifically the crackdowns on antigovernment protests in 2009 and 2022.
Mr. Raisi took energy three years after Donald J. Trump, as president, withdrew from the nuclear deal between Iran and world powers. After america exited the deal, Mr. Trump reimposed robust financial sanctions on Iran, hitting the nation’s oil gross sales and banks. A yr later, after Iran didn’t reap the advantages of the nuclear deal, it returned to enriching uranium at a close to weapons-grade stage.
Mr. Raisi took workplace promising to pursue a “resistance diplomacy,” that means a defiance of Western powers however an openness to negotiations, significantly with america, to return to the nuclear deal and to hunt the removing of sanctions. However months of negotiations fell by way of within the fall of 2021, and no deal has been reached with the Biden administration.
Certainly one of Mr. Raisi’s most vital international coverage achievements as president was one which had lengthy eluded his predecessors: the restoration of ties with Iran’s longtime regional adversary, Saudi Arabia. In 2023, the 2 nations signed a deal in Beijing to re-establish diplomatic relations. Though largely symbolic, the settlement was seen as key to defusing their regional rivalry.
Mr. Raisi prioritized forging nearer relations with Russia and China and pivoting away from the West, saying that Iran couldn’t belief america and Europe after the collapse of the nuclear deal. Mr. Raisi’s authorities reached a sweeping 25-year financial, safety and navy take care of China: Iran agreed to promote Beijing discounted oil in change for $400 billion investments in Iran by Chinese language firms in a variety of sectors.
He additionally traveled to Moscow continuously to fulfill his Russian counterpart, President Vladimir V. Putin, they usually deepened safety and navy relations. Iran has offered drones to Russia, which has used them in its warfare in Ukraine, though Mr. Raisi has denied this function.
Mr. Raisi’s impression on home coverage throughout his presidency has been felt way more deeply, and his legacy is prone to be a contested one. Throughout his rule, the nation suffered extreme financial downturns, pushed by worldwide sanctions and excessive unemployment.
“If you wish to consider his legacy, he left the nation’s financial system in ruins, and it has develop into extra repressive,” mentioned Sina Azodi, a lecturer on Iran at George Washington College. “Iran was by no means democratic or free, however, since 2021, political repression has elevated. No voice of dissent is tolerated.”
Underneath Mr. Raisi’s watch, Iran’s foreign money plunged to a file low, local weather change and mismanagement intensified water shortages, and the nation was hit in January by the deadliest terrorist assault because the 1979 founding of the republic.
Mr. Raisi additionally oversaw a brutal crackdown on antigovernment protests that erupted in 2022 after the dying of a 21-year-old Kurdish girl, Mahsa Amini, whereas she was within the custody of Iran’s morality police. Her dying set off a wave of protests led by girls who took off their head scarves and known as for the overthrow of the Islamic Republic.
After many Iranian girls defied the necessary hijab rule and appeared in public for over a yr with out masking their hair, Mr. Raisi introduced this spring that he was going to re-enforce the hijab rule. His authorities dispatched the morality police again on the streets in April, after having earlier mentioned the pressure was abolished, and plenty of arrests of ladies turned violent.
Allegations of human rights abuses, for which america imposed sanctions on Mr. Raisi in 2019, dogged him on the worldwide stage till the final years of his life.
Final December, he canceled a go to to the United Nations in Geneva amid considerations that he may face arrest over his alleged function within the 1988 mass executions as a result of Sweden had prosecuted a extra junior Iranian judiciary official underneath crimes in opposition to humanity. However Mr. Raisi did attend the U.N. Basic Meeting in New York yearly, delivering heated speeches that blamed the dissent in Iran on international enemies whereas portraying his nation as a mannequin of fine governance and as an upholder of human rights.
Mr. Raisi is survived by his spouse, Jamileh Alamolhoda, a college professor of philosophy and training and daughter of an extremely hard-line influential cleric, Ahmad Alamolhoda. The couple have two daughters and a minimum of one grandchild.
